414 incidents latest Oct 30 updated Nov 3
Now on sale · the book behind the index
Built Wrong
Why Cybersecurity Keeps Failing and How We Can Rebuild It

This index is one number from a larger argument: that cybersecurity’s failure is structural, not technical. The foundations were wrong from the start, but we can rebuild.

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Reported cybercrime losses have outgrown the stock market by more than six to one.

The Hacker in a Hoodie Index is the record behind that claim: what individual cyber incidents actually cost, each figure read from the document that reported it.

The index

What $100 became · 2014 → 2024

One hundred dollars, tracked two ways since 2014. The gap is the story.

Over 2014 to 2024, $100 tracking cybercrime losses reported to the FBI grew to $2,074, while $100 in the S&P 500 with dividends reinvested grew to $343: a difference of 6.05 times.

Hackers in hoodies
$100
S&P 500, dividends reinvested
$100

Cybercrime loss outgrew the market over the decade: $2,074 against $343, both in nominal dollars, measured from year-end 2014 to year-end 2024.

Hacker in a Hoodie Index: reported losses to the FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center, $800,492,073 in 2014 against $16,600,000,000 in 2024. Compound annual growth rate 35.42 percent.
35.4%/yr 10-year window · 2014–2024
34.2%/yr full record · 2001–2025
The IC3 growth rate barely moves across windows. The index is not built on a chosen base year, and the 6.05x multiple compares like with like: both figures are measured from year-end 2014 to year-end 2024, both in nominal dollars.
THE INDEX · LIVE · 2014 = 100

The gap is still widening

6.05x was the first reading, taken through 2024. The index carries it forward. As of 2025 it stands at 6.48x, and it moves as the ecosystem does.
BOOK · 2014-2024
6.05x
the first reading
LIVE · 2014-2025
6.48x
where it stands now
50010001500200025003000 '14'15'16'17'18'19'20'21'22'23'24'25 reporting change first reading, 6.05x IC3 lossS&P 500
Cybercrime loss (FBI IC3) and S&P 500 total return, each indexed to 100 at year-end 2014, both nominal. In 2025 reported loss rose 25.8% while the market rose 17.44%, so the gap widened from 6.05x to 6.48x. The book's 6.05x is the 2014-2024 reading and does not change; the index recomputes as each year posts.
Follow the record

New figures as they clear verification, and the occasional note from behind the index. No more email than the work warrants.

The Losses, Side By Side

What we’ve lost, by the numbers

Two documented measures of annual cybercrime loss, one log scale. The FBI IC3 series is a continuous annual reading from 2014 to 2025, and by the FBI’s own account a significant underestimation. These numbers are reported figures only. Chainalysis provides a yearly view of ransom payments.

$10M$100M$1B$10B 200120052010201520202025 IC3 $20.9B $0.82B
IC3 reported losses / US complaints / Verified
Chainalysis ransom payments / on-chain / revised
About that trillion-dollar number: the $10.5 trillion often quoted for global cybercrime is a forward projection from Cybersecurity Ventures, compounded from a 2015 base whose methodology is not disclosed. Because it is assumed rather than measured, it is excluded from the chart and the ledger, and noted only here. The trillion-dollar figure is constantly referred to in public messaging and presentations, due to the propagation of those numbers in AI learning data. Cybersecurity Ventures has never provided data that supports this forecast.
About 2010: the IC3 line skips 2010. The FBI’s own retrospective plots that year near $1.0B while its contemporaneous 2010 report recorded $485M. The two cannot both be right, so we leave the point out rather than choose.

The consequences that barely moved

Cost per breach barely moved.

Across more than a decade, while aggregate reported losses compounded at double digits, the modeled cost of a single breach grew about 3% a year, from $3.5M in 2014 to a record $4.99M in 2026.

If the per-event price is growing in the low single digits while the total keeps compounding at double digits, the growth is in volume and attack surface, not in severity. That is a finding the headline trillion-dollar number hides. IBM’s figure is the cost of one breach, shown here for shape, not added to the totals above.

$0$2M$4M$6M$8M$10M 2014201820222026 $4.99M

Featured

From the ledger
FEATURED · Aug 2026

Central Ohio Primary Care Physicians, Inc. (COPC)

V Verified
A phone call talked its way into Central Ohio Primary Care Physicians in August 2026, yielding credentials to internal systems until the access was blocked on August 25. Files holding names, Social Security numbers, financial and health information for roughly 1.4 million current and former patients were copied out. The notices name no actor, though Chaos listed COPC on its leak site and later pulled it. Any credential a convincing voice can obtain is a boundary built to be talked past.
Healthcare and Life Sciences

Read the full record →

The biggest verified losses

Graded · Verified

Every loss here is Verified — the company’s own SEC filing states the figure, and the company name links to it. One incident, one figure, ranked by size, never rolled into a single total. Sort by any column.

The 10 largest of 28 Verified losses · each stated by the company’s own filing · one figure each, never added together · click a heading to sort
1UNITEDHEALTH GROUP INC $3.09BFeb 2024Healthcare and Life Sciences
2Coupang, Inc. $410MDec 2025Retail and Consumer
3UNITED NATURAL FOODS INC $50MJun 2025Wholesale and Distribution
4AUTONATION, INC. $43MJul 2024Retail and Consumer
5EVERTEC, Inc. $37.7MAug 2025Technology and Software
6HALLIBURTON CO $35M est.Aug 2024Energy and Utilities
7F5, INC. $26.5MOct 2025Technology and Software
8CONDUENT Inc $25MApr 2025Professional and Business Services
9DAVITA INC. $25MApr 2025Healthcare and Life Sciences
10loanDepot, Inc. $24.6MJan 2024Financial Services
How each figure is graded VVerifiedthe linked primary document states it AAttesteda published report credits a named source IInferredno direct confirmation; a lead, not a figure The full standard →

On the Government Record · live

42SEC 8-K cyber-incident disclosures logged · 2026 year to date
All Verified · SEC 8-K cyber-incident filings, Item 1.05, Item 8.01, and Item 7.01
This counts the cyber incidents companies disclosed to the SEC on Form 8-K this year — the material-incident filings under Item 1.05, the cyber events reported under Item 8.01, and cyber disclosures made under Item 7.01 (Regulation FD). It is a count of disclosures, not a measure of total losses: most incidents never reach a public filing, and many are reported before any dollar figure exists. The ledger below also carries state-regulator breach and enforcement records, shown for context but not included in this count. It counts disclosed filings and never sums their figures.
Revolve Group, Inc.Oct 2026
Not yet quantified
VVerified
Automated tooling pulled names, addresses, card numbers, and expiration dates from Revolve accounts where customers had saved payment details, in an intrusion dated only to September 11. State filings put the count at 179,259 or more; how the automation got in, Revolve has not said. Every saved card turned a login into a wallet. Revolve expects no material financial impact and offers no monitoring, which settles who absorbs the cost.
Retail and Consumer
SEC 8-K, Item 8.01
Central Ohio Primary Care Physicians, Inc.Aug 2026
breach at COPC
Not yet quantified
VVerified
A phone call talked its way into Central Ohio Primary Care Physicians in August 2026, yielding credentials to internal systems until the access was blocked on August 25. Files holding names, Social Security numbers, financial and health information for roughly 1.4 million current and former patients were copied out. The notices name no actor, though Chaos listed COPC on its leak site and later pulled it. Any credential a convincing voice can obtain is a boundary built to be talked past.
Healthcare and Life Sciences
California AG breach notification
Tradier Brokerage Inc.Aug 2026
breach at Etna Software Corporation
Not yet quantified
VVerified
A cyberattack on August 28, 2026 hit Etna Software Corporation, the vendor running Tradier's order management system and pre-trade controls, exposing customer names, addresses, phone numbers, Social Security numbers, and tax IDs. State filings count 9,404 Texas and 1,580 Massachusetts residents so far, and the entry point and attacker go unnamed. Tradier's own network held, a comfort that ends where the customer records actually sat: inside a vendor's systems. The boundary was wherever the order flow ran, not inside Tradier's own defensive perimeter.
Financial Services
California AG breach notification
Initial attack type third-party or supply chain inferred
Sarasota US Topco, Inc.Sep 2026
breach at Sarku Japan
Not yet quantified
VVerified
Sarku Japan, a quick-service chain of more than 240 stores, was breached on September 7, 2026, and the ransomware group The Gentlemen claimed it eight days later. No filing says how the attackers got in; Texas counts 687 of its residents affected. The exposed data runs from card numbers to Social Security numbers, driver's licenses, and passports. A food-court chain kept a full identity kit on file, and the card is the only piece anyone can cancel.
Retail and Consumer
California AG breach notification
USForex Inc.Sep 2026
Not yet quantified
VVerified
An unauthorized party reached OFX, parent of USForex, on September 28, 2026, getting into files holding names, birthdates, contact details, transfer and recipient records, and answers to secret questions. The notice does not say how they got in or how many people are affected. By OFX's account, the client-platform databases were untouched, so the exposure lived in files kept outside them, job applicants included. Answers to secret questions were designed never to change, and now a stranger holds them too.
Financial Services
California AG breach notification
Initial attack type not disclosed · Impact data theft confirmed
Showing the 5 most recent. View the complete ledger of 265 government-record incidents →
See the SEC's Item 1.05 material cyber incident filings on EDGAR →

Beyond the Filings

Graded · Attested / Inferred

Some losses surface outside any SEC filing: in a company’s own statement, a regulator or court record, or a news report crediting an identifiable source. Each is admitted on that attribution and graded by its strength. A figure credibly attributed to the company, a regulator, or a court is Attested; an estimate or reconstruction is Inferred. Each is logged on its own, with its source and grade, and like every figure here it stands alone, never combined into a total.

UNM HealthOct 2026
Not yet quantified
AAttested
A cyberattack detected October 26, 2026 knocked out electronic systems across UNM's Health Sciences Center, diverting ambulances for two hours and canceling surgeries and appointments. UNM says the intruder reached only end-user devices, never core servers; how it got in, and whether patient data exited, goes unsaid. Byod, a new ransomware group, claims 36,000 systems and Cerner EHR rosters. Even with its core intact, the hospital stopped, because the failure domain was the desktop, and the desktop ran the clinic.
Healthcare and Life Sciences
Cyber Incident Forces UNM Health to Cancel Surgeries, Divert Ambulance
Initial attack type not disclosed · Impact operational outage confirmed + ransomware · Actor Byod
ENGIEOct 2026
Not yet quantified
AAttested
Engie customer data may have walked out of a third-party marketing tool that partners used to prospect and sell energy offers in France, potentially including names, addresses, phone numbers, customer and contract numbers, and PCE/PDL supply IDs. The count, the entry point, and the actor go unnamed. Engie's own systems held, which matters little once the customer list has been copied into a sales tool. The perimeter was wherever partners were allowed to prospect for additional sales revenue.
Energy and Utilities
Energy giant ENGIE discloses data breach affecting customers
Initial attack type third-party or supply chain inferred · Impact data theft inferred
CopenhagenOct 2026
Not yet quantified
AAttested
Hackers reached a University of Copenhagen test environment holding the names, Danish CPR numbers, phone numbers, and email addresses of 525,000 people, along with PIN access codes for 20,000 staff and students. How they got in has not been said. Copying real identities into a system built for breaking things carried the whole failure domain into the sandbox. New door codes went out within days. Nobody is reissuing 525,000 CPR numbers.
Public Sector and Education
Over 525,000 hit in massive University of Copenhagen data breach
Initial attack type not disclosed · Impact data theft inferred
Denver Health Medical PlanOct 2026
Not yet quantified
AAttested
Denver Health Medical Plan's analytics vendor, SquareML, left an access key on a public website from June 27, 2025, until August 18, 2026, exposing a database holding records on 238,083 members. Names, birthdates, admissions, discharges, and health metrics sat behind it; no Social Security or financial data, the notice adds. A single static key was the entire security fence for nearly fourteen months. The account was read-only, a comfort that thins considerably when reading was the whole risk.
Healthcare and Life Sciences
Denver Health Medical Plan Discloses Vendor Breach Affecting 238K Members
Initial attack type exposed or misconfigured system confirmed · Impact data theft inferred
Tarter Krinsky & DroginOct 2026
Not yet quantified
AAttested
An unauthorized party came and went from Tarter Krinsky & Drogin's servers between July 9 and September 9, 2025, accessing or acquiring files tied to 196,645 patients of the Manhattan law firm's healthcare clients. How it got in, the notice does not say. Records sent to outside counsel made a law firm's file server part of the healthcare security architecture. The haul may include biometric data, the one credential nobody can reissue.
Professional and Business Services
Data Breach at Manhattan Law Firm Involved PHI of 197,000 Individuals
Initial attack type not disclosed · Impact data theft confirmed
Showing the 5 most recent. View the complete ledger of 149 media-reported incidents →

The record by sector

From the ledger
FROM THE LEDGER · INCIDENT COUNT · n = 414 incidents
Which sectors the tracked incidents fall in: a count of incidents, not a total of dollars. Each bar is that sector’s share of the 414 on the record, ranked; a floor, not a census.

Share of incidents tracked on this ledger, not of all breaches. Healthcare leads partly because mandatory breach-disclosure rules in that sector put more of its incidents into the public record, not because it is necessarily attacked more often.

See all 15 sectors and the full method →

The Verifiable Sources

FBI IC3
$20.9BLATEST · 2025
Counts
Losses from internet-crime complaints filed by US victims.
Excludes
Crime never reported; non-US victims; the great majority of incidents, where no complaint is filed.
Growth
34%/yr across 24 years (2001–2025)
VVerifiedAnnual, full series
FBI IC3 Annual Reports ↗
Chainalysis
$0.82BLATEST · 2025
Counts
Cryptocurrency payments to ransomware actors, traced on-chain.
Excludes
Recovery and downtime costs; untraced channels; anything that is not a ransom payment.
Growth
Volatile. Peaked $1.23B in 2023, fell since.
VVerifiedAnnual, revised · anchors
Chainalysis Crypto Crime Report ↗
IBM / Ponemon
$4.99MLATEST · 2026
Counts
Modeled average cost of a single data breach across ~600 organizations.
Excludes
Aggregate national or global totals. A per-event average, not a sum.
Growth
~3%/yr since 2014, to a record $4.99M in 2026.
AAttestedAnnual · anchors
IBM Cost of a Data Breach ↗
THE RULE It would be tempting to add these numbers up and put one big total at the top of the page. We do not, and we never will. Each line measures something different: different victims, different crimes, different units, overlapping in some places and blind to each other in others. Add them together and you get a number that means nothing, the kind of headline figure this index was built to refuse. So the sources stay side by side, each labeled for what it counts, and the arithmetic stays honest.
THE FLOOR The other temptation is to estimate what is missing and call the result the real number. We do not, and we never will. These are the losses someone measured. What no one measured has no number, only its absence. A figure that claims to cover the whole is not a larger version of this page. It is a projection, not a statistic.